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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Smart environment</span></span>

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<p><b>Smart environments</b> link computers and other smart devices to everyday settings and tasks. Smart environments include <a href="Smart_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home">smart homes</a>, <a href="Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart cities</a>, and <a href="Smart_manufacturing" title="Smart manufacturing">smart manufacturing</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2></div>

<p>Smart environments are an extension of <a href="Pervasive_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervasive computing">pervasive computing</a>. According to <a href="Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Mark Weiser</a>, pervasive computing promotes the idea of a world that is connected to sensors and computers.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiser-99_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiser-99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sensors and computers are integrated with everyday objects in peoples' lives and are connected through networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiser-99_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiser-99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>Cook and Das, define a smart environment as "a small world where different kinds of <a href="Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart devices</a> are continuously working to make inhabitants' lives more comfortable."<sup id="cite_ref-Cook-Sajal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-Sajal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart environments aim to satisfy the experience of individuals from every environment, by replacing hazardous work, physical labor, and repetitive tasks with automated agents.

Poslad<sup id="cite_ref-Poslad_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poslad-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

differentiates three different kinds of smart environments for systems, services, and devices: virtual (or distributed) computing environments, physical environments, and human environments, or a hybrid combination of these:

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<ul><li><i>Virtual computing environments</i> enable smart devices to access pertinent services anywhere and anytime.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Physical environments</i> may be embedded with various smart devices of different types including tags, sensors, and controllers, and have different form factors ranging from nano- to micro- to macro-sized.</li>

<li><i>Human environments</i>: humans, either individually or collectively, inherently form a smart environment for devices. However, humans themselves may be accompanied by smart devices such as mobile phones, use surface-mounted devices (wearable computing), and contain <a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> devices (e.g., pacemakers to maintain a healthy heart operation or <a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">AR</a> contact lenses)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<p>Smart environments encompass a range of features and services across various domains, including <a href="Smart_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home">smart homes</a>, <a href="Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart cities</a>, <a href="SMART_Health_Card" title="SMART Health Card">smart health</a>, and <a href="Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart</a> <a href="Factory" title="Factory">factories</a>. Some of the key features of smart environments are:

</p><p>Sensors and Actuators: Smart environments are equipped with an assembly of sensors and actuators that collect data and initiate actions to provide services for the betterment of human life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Interconnected Systems: These environments consist of <a href="Interconnection" title="Interconnection">interconnected</a> systems that enable seamless communication and coordination among various devices and components.

</p><p>Data-Driven Technologies: Smart environments leverage data-driven technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), to obtain information from the physical world, process it, and perform actions accordingly.

</p><p>Efficiency and Sustainability: They are designed to improve efficiency, sustainable practices, and resource management across different settings, such as energy efficiency in smart homes and environmental quality management in smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Diverse Requirements: Different types of smart environments have diverse requirements and technology choices, influencing the processing and utilization of data within a specific environment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technologies">Technologies</h2></div>

<p>Building a smart environment involves technologies of

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<ol><li>Wireless communication</li>

<li>Algorithm design, signal prediction & classification, information theory</li>

<li>Multilayered software architecture, <a href="CORBA" class="mw-redirect" title="CORBA">Corba</a>, middleware</li>

<li><a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li>

<li>Image processing, image recognition</li>

<li>Sensors design, calibration, <a href="Motion_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion detection">motion detection</a>, temperature, pressure sensors, accelerometers</li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> and <a href="Knowledge_graph" title="Knowledge graph">knowledge graphs</a></li>

<li>Adaptive control, <a href="Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filters</a></li>

<li>Computer networking</li>

<li>Parallel processing</li>

<li>Operating systems</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existing_projects">Existing projects</h2></div>

<p>The Aware Home Research Initiative at <a href="Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a> "is devoted to the multidisciplinary exploration of emerging technologies and services based in the home" and was launched in 1998 as one of the first "living laboratories."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The Mav Home (Managing an Adaptive Versatile Home) project, at <a href="University_of_Texas_at_Arlington" title="University of Texas at Arlington">UT Arlington</a>, is a smart environment-lab with state-of-the-art algorithms and protocols used to provide a customized, personal environment to the users of this space. The Mav Home project, in addition to providing a safe environment, wants to reduce the energy consumption of the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Other projects include House at the MIT <a href="MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">Media Lab</a> and many others.

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<ul><li><a href="Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_ecology" title="Device ecology">Device ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Home robot">Home robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent building">Intelligent building</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_home_automation_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of home automation topics">List of home automation topics</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart%2C_connected_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart, connected products">Smart, connected products</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~jasonh/courses/ubicomp-sp2007/papers/03-weiser-origins.pdf">"The origins of ubiquitous computing research at PARC in the late 1980s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1999.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFCookDas,_Sajal2005" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Diane; Das, Sajal (2005). <i>Smart Environments: Technology, Protocols and Applications</i>. Wiley-Interscience. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-54448-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFPoslad2009" class="citation book cs1">Poslad, Stefan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elec.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/ubicom/index.html"><i>Ubiquitous Computing Smart Devices, Smart Environments and Smart Interaction</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-03560-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRousselleTymannHaririFox1994" class="citation book cs1">Rousselle, P.; Tymann, P.; Hariri, S.; Fox, G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/340265">"The virtual computing environment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://surface.syr.edu/npac/87"><i>Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing</i></a>. IEEE Comput. Soc. Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>14. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FHPDC.1994.340265">10.1109/HPDC.1994.340265</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8186-6395-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna2020" class="citation journal cs1">McKenna, H. (2020-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffi12050079">"Human-Smart Environment Interactions in Smart Cities: Exploring Dimensionalities of Smartness"</a>. <i>Future Internet</i>. <b>12</b> (5): 79. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffi12050079">10.3390/fi12050079</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-5903">1999-5903</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGomezChessaFleuryRoussos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gomez, Carles; Chessa, Stefano; Fleury, Anthony; Roussos, George; Preuveneers, Davy (30 January 2019). "Internet of Things for enabling smart environments: A technology-centric perspective". <i>Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments</i>. <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>43. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FAIS-180509">10.3233/AIS-180509</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2117%2F127793">2117/127793</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKhosrow-Pour,_d.b.a.2018" class="citation book cs1">Khosrow-Pour, d.b.a., Mehdi, ed. (2018). <i>Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4018%2F978-1-5225-2255-3">10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2299%2F27236">2299/27236</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5225-2255-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaskaleva2013" class="citation book cs1">Paskaleva, Krassimira (2013). "Smart cities: a nexus for open innovation?". In Deakin, Mark (ed.). <i>Smart Cities</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>145. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203076224">10.4324/9780203076224</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-203-07622-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315234401/http://awarehome.imtc.gatech.edu/about-us">"Aware Home About US"</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awarehome.imtc.gatech.edu/about-us">the original</a> on 2008-03-15.</cite></span>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050913211539/http://mavhome.uta.edu/">"MavHome"</a>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mavhome.uta.edu">the original</a> on 2005-09-13.</cite></span>

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